1. Solid sides or barriers around the sheep to prevent them from seeing people deep inside their flight zones. This is especially important for wild or excitable animals.

   

   This photo illustrates the flight zone of a herd of sheep.

2. Provide non-slip flooring for all species of animals.

3. Slow steady motion of a restraint device is calming, while sudden jerky motion excite.

4. Use the concept of optimal pressure. Sufficient pressure must be applied to provide the feeling of restraint, but excessive pressure that causes pain or discomfort must be avoided.

5. The entrance of the restraint device must be well lighted, however, lamps must not glare into the eyes of approaching animals. All species must be able to see a place to go.

6. Livestock will remain calmer if they can see other animals within touching distance.

7. Engineer equipment to minimize noise. High pitched noise is more disturbing to livestock than a low pitched rumble.

8. Restraint devices must be designed to avoid uncomfortable pressure points on the animal's body.

9. Restrain livestock in an upright position.

Grandin, T. 1995 Restraint of Livestock.
Proceedings of Animal Behaviour, Design of Livestock and Poultry Systems
International Conference.(pages 208-223)
Published by: Northeast Regional Agriculture Engineering Service,
Cooperative Extension
152 Riley - Robb Hall
Ithaca, New York, 14853
USA

Grandin, T. (Editor) 1993

Livestock Handling and Transport.
CAB International, Wallingford Oxon, United Kingdom

Grandin, T. 1988

Double Rail Restrainer For Livestock Handling
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 41:327-338